Stress, anxiety and performance.

Research which has examined the catastrophe models of anxiety and performance is discussed. The conclusion drawn is that the evidence supports the notion of hysteresis, and partially supports the interactive effects prediction of the catastrophe models. Two potential explanations of anxiety induced performance catastrophes are then examined, processing efficiency theory and the conscious processing hypothesis. Process efficiency theory proposes that, as well as reducing attentional resources, cognitive anxiety can also lead performers to invest additional effort in the task in an attempt to allay their concerns and fears. Thus, performance may be maintained (or even enhanced), but at an increased physiological cost. Evidence is presented in support of the prediction that cognitive anxiety leads to increased effort. The conscious processing hypothesis proposes that anxious performers regress to an earlier stage of learning when they controlled movements using conscious processes and explicit knowledge. Evidence is presented from a number of recent studies which at least partially support this notion. Finally, it is suggested that these two different explanations are not necessarily mutually exclusive.