OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of early-life factors with AD. BACKGROUND: The early-life environment and its effect on growth and maturation of children and adolescents are linked to many adult chronic diseases (heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus), and these effects are also linked to maternal reproduction. AD may have an early-life link. The areas of the brain that show the earliest signs of AD are the same areas of the brain that take the longest to mature during childhood and adolescence. A poor-quality childhood or adolescent environment could prevent the brain from reaching complete levels of maturation. Lower levels of brain maturation may put people at higher risk for AD. METHODS: In a community-based case-control study (393 cases, 377 controls), we investigated the association of early-life factors and AD. Early-life variables include mother's age at patient's birth, birth order, number of siblings, and area of residence before age 18 years. Patient education level and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes were also included in the analysis. RESULTS: Area of residence before age 18 years and number of siblings are associated with subsequent development of AD. For each additional child in the family the risk of AD increases by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.15). More controls compared with cases grew up in the suburbs (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.82). APOE epsilon 4 and the patient's education level did not confound or modify the associations. CONCLUSIONS: The early-life childhood and adolescent environment is associated with the risk of AD.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of early-life factors with AD. BACKGROUND: The early-life environment and its effect on growth and maturation of children and adolescents are linked to many adult chronic diseases (heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus), and these effects are also linked to maternal reproduction. AD may have an early-life link. The areas of the brain that show the earliest signs of AD are the same areas of the brain that take the longest to mature during childhood and adolescence. A poor-quality childhood or adolescent environment could prevent the brain from reaching complete levels of maturation. Lower levels of brain maturation may put people at higher risk for AD. METHODS: In a community-based case-control study (393 cases, 377 controls), we investigated the association of early-life factors and AD. Early-life variables include mother's age at patient's birth, birth order, number of siblings, and area of residence before age 18 years. Patient education level and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes were also included in the analysis. RESULTS: Area of residence before age 18 years and number of siblings are associated with subsequent development of AD. For each additional child in the family the risk of AD increases by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.15). More controls compared with cases grew up in the suburbs (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.82). APOE epsilon 4 and the patient's education level did not confound or modify the associations. CONCLUSIONS: The early-life childhood and adolescent environment is associated with the risk of AD.
Authors: Venla S Laitala; Jacob Hjelmborg; Markku Koskenvuo; Ismo Räihä; Juha O Rinne; Kaare Christensen; Jaakko Kaprio; Karri Silventoinen Journal: Twin Res Hum Genet Date: 2011-12 Impact factor: 1.587
Authors: Margaret Gatz; James A Mortimer; Laura Fratiglioni; Boo Johansson; Stig Berg; Ross Andel; Michael Crowe; Amy Fiske; Chandra A Reynolds; Nancy L Pedersen Journal: Physiol Behav Date: 2007-05-21
Authors: Rebecca J Melrose; Paul Brewster; María J Marquine; Anna MacKay-Brandt; Bruce Reed; Sarah T Farias; Dan Mungas Journal: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Date: 2014-01-03 Impact factor: 4.077
Authors: Joann T Tschanz; Roxane Pfister; Joseph Wanzek; Chris Corcoran; Ken Smith; Brian T Tschanz; David C Steffens; Truls Østbye; Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer; Maria C Norton Journal: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2012-10-04 Impact factor: 3.485
Authors: Breton M Asken; Molly J Sullan; Aliyah R Snyder; Zachary M Houck; Vaughn E Bryant; Loren P Hizel; Molly E McLaren; Duane E Dede; Michael S Jaffee; Steven T DeKosky; Russell M Bauer Journal: Neuropsychol Rev Date: 2016-08-25 Impact factor: 7.444