Population viability analyses in plants: challenges and opportunities.

This review of 95 plant population viability analyses (PVAs) reveals that most studies consider one species, only a few populations and are based on data collected for less than five years. Only five studies referred to themselves as PVAs. Plants offer numerous challenges, such as seed banks and periodic recruitment, but these can be answered with suitable data collection and modeling. New approaches, such as metapopulation models, inclusion of disturbance cycles, and integration of genetics and demography, are producing more realistic PVAs. Although exact solutions are fraught with limitations, plant PVAs can be useful in comparing management regimes, populations and microhabitats, and in using these results to guide conservation and management.