Dosage compensation: making 1X equal 2X.

Animals that have XX females and XY or XO males have differing doses of X-linked genes in each sex. Overcoming this is the most immediate and vital aspect of sexual differentiation. A number of systems that accurately compensate for sex-chromosome dosage have evolved independently: silencing a single X chromosome in female mammals, downregulating both X chromosomes in hermaphrodite Caenorhabditis elegans and upregulating the X chromosome in male Drosophila all equalize X-linked gene expression. Each organism uses a largely non-overlapping set of molecules to achieve the same outcome: 1X = 2X.