Silence in group psychotherapy: a powerful communication.

Silence in a psychotherapy group, including leader, member, subgroup, and whole-group silence, is a common phenomenon with many possible forms, uses, and meanings. Five common sources of silence in group psychotherapy are described: situational factors, individual dynamics, member-to-member interactions, group dynamics, and leader-related dynamics. Silence can reflect defenses or indicate conditions favorable to intensified group work. Silence, sometimes mistaken for psychological inactivity, should be viewed as significant communication.