The cytoskeleton and polarization during pollen development in Carex blanda (Cyperaceae).

Patterns of cytoskeletal organization during distinct polarizations that characterize pollen development in the sedge Carex blanda (Cyperaceae) were studied by correlated methods of immunohistochemistry and confocal and transmission electron microscopy. As is typical of the family Cyperaceae, Carex produces a unique pollen type known as a pseudomonad in which all four microspores of the tetrad are enclosed within the wall of a single pollen grain. Only one member of the tetrad is functional and the other three abort. The pseudomonads are precisely oriented in the locule with the functional microspore in the wide abaxial portion of the wedge-shaped cytoplasm adjacent to the tapetum, and the degenerative microspores are packed tightly in the pointed adaxial portion. A unique sequence of post-meiotic developmental events reflects both intracellular and intercellular polarity. Development includes: (1) random placement of tetrad nuclei in the coenocytic sporocyte after meiosis, (2) interrupted cytokinesis resulting in a tetrad of nuclei that migrates as a unit into the narrow adaxial tip, (3) completion of unequal cytokinesis and centering of the functional nucleus in the wide abaxial portion of the microsporocyte via a radial array of microtubules and microfilaments, (4) unequal mitosis resulting in a small generative cell at the proximal surface of the functional microspore (adjacent to the abortive microspores), and (5) recentering of the vegetative nucleus in the abaxial cytoplasm via a radial cytoskeletal array.