Southern cooking and lung cancer.

Dietary associations were examined as part of a case-control study exploring reasons for exceptionally high rates of lung cancer in northeast Florida. Interviews, which included a nationally standardized food frequency questionnaire, were conducted with 507 patients diagnosed with lung cancer during 1993-1996 or their next of kin and 1,007 persons of similar age, race, and gender randomly selected from the general population. A substantial reduction in risk was associated with high consumption of nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables. Risk was nearly doubled among men and women in the highest quartile of fat intake. The effects were most prominent for saturated and monounsaturated fats and not apparent for polyunsaturated fat consumption. Increased risk was linked to consumption of several individual high-fat foods, including some traditional Southern foods or methods of cooking, such as cooking vegetables with lard/fatback/bacon fat. Reported use of vitamin/mineral supplements was associated with decrease risk of lung cancer as well as dietary consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and some carotenoids. The findings are consistent with emerging evidence that risk of lung cancer rises with increasing dietary fat consumption. They indicate the need for further research to determine whether the association between fat intake and lung cancer is causal and, if so, to clarify the relationships with individual fat fractions.