Induction of apoptosis in placentas of pregnant mice exposed to lipopolysaccharides: possible involvement of Fas/Fas ligand system.

To explore the pathogenesis in placental dysfunction and abruptio placentae, we analyzed the occurrence of placental cell apoptosis and the role of Fas and Fas ligand (L) in that process in an inflammatory placental dysfunction model of pregnant mice, using lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In the present study, Day 13 pregnant mice were injected i.p. with LPS (50 microg/kg) or saline as a control, and the placentas were isolated at various time points after the injection. Analysis of the isolated DNA in agarose-gel electrophoresis revealed a typical ladder pattern of bands consisting of 180-200 base pairs (bp), which is regarded as a hallmark of apoptosis. The intensity of the bands increased time-dependently, reaching a maximum level at 12 h after LPS injection. In accord with the biochemical data, histochemical analysis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) revealed that nuclei positive for double-stranded DNA breaks were found in decidua, diploid trophoblasts in the basal zone, and spongiotrophoblasts. The number of positive nuclei was maximized at 12 h after LPS injection. As a next step, we investigated the possible involvement of Fas and Fas L in the induction of apoptosis of the placental cells after LPS injection. Western blot analysis indicated that LPS increased the expression of Fas and Fas L in the placenta by about 4-fold at 12 h and 18 h, respectively, after injection. The cells expressing Fas and Fas L were identified, using immunohistochemistry and nonradioactive in situ hybridization, as decidua, diploid trophoblasts in the basal zone, and spongiotrophoblasts. Furthermore, when the expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-modified proteins was assessed to evaluate the relation of oxidative stress elicited by LPS to the induction of apoptosis, once again decidua, diploid trophoblasts in the basal zone, and spongiotrophoblasts were positive. Therefore, the placental dysfunction by LPS may be brought about by the Fas-mediated apoptosis of various placental cells in a paracrine/autocrine fashion, possibly under the influence of oxidative stress.