Divergent reproductive endocrinology of the estrous cycle and pregnancy in dwarf hamsters (phodopus).

Progesterone (P4) and prolactin (PRL) in peripheral circulation of Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) throughout an estrous cycle and pregnancy were determined by repeated, small volume sampling from individuals housed in modified home cages. As predicted, the endocrinology of P. sungorus reproduction is similar to the rat, mouse and golden hamster and shows none of the eight distinctive features known for Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus campbelli). Specifically, in P. sungorus there is no evidence for resumption of pituitary PRL surges in late pregnancy, P4 concentrations during the differentiation of the corpus luteum on day 2 of pregnancy are higher (as opposed to lower) than concentrations on the comparable day of an unmated estrous cycle (diestrus 1), P4 concentrations increase throughout pregnancy, PRL surges are common during the estrous cycle, including a reliable surge on proestrus, and P4 plays an important role in facilitating the expression of behavioral receptivity. We conclude that 'novel' P. campbelli reproductive endocrinology has evolved since a common ancestor was shared with P. sungorus. With a time frame (the available time since the divergence of the two species) and an ecological context (known niches and behavior in the wild) these species offer the opportunity to study endocrinological evolution in progress.