Current trends in immunoassay-based kits for pesticide analysis.

Detection of pesticides and their metabolites in food and environmental samples in real time is the goal of many industries. Immunoassay technology has several attributes that make it a useful tool for screening purposes (e.g., selectivity, sensitivity, portability, and rapid turnaround time). Approximately 90% of the developed immunoassays for the pesticide residue analysis use the ELISA technique. Commercial kits are tailored to target different analytes, thus eliminating in some cases the need for clean-up steps. The manageability of the immunoassay test kit, together with its accuracy and speed of analysis, allows the rapid determination in situ of many samples simultaneously. This article gives an overview on the applications of the immunokits for pesticide analysis in drinking water and foods, as well as examples of different immunoassay formats commonly used. Special attention is given to sample extraction and clean-up procedures. Application to the determination of common pesticides and their detection limit are summarized. Immunoassay kits offer many practical advantages, and the acceptance of these methods depends on several factors, including the demonstration of quality and validity compared with reference methods. Although the advantages of the technique and their applications to food industry quality control are scarcely referred to in the literature.