Treatment of potassium balance disorders.

Potassium is the predominant intracellular cation and is critical for the maintenance of resting cellular membrane potential. Abnormalities of potassium balance can manifest as skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction. Abnormalities of potassium concentration in plasma can result from changes in external potassium balance (intake vs. excretion) or internal balance (intracellular to extracellular). Hyperkalemia can result from renal failure, uroperitoneum, or severe dehydration and acidosis in calves with diarrhea. Hypokalemia occurs due to reduced forage intake, when increased gastrointestinal losses occur as with diarrhea, due to increased renal losses as with metabolic alkalosis or exogenous corticosteroid administration which promote kaliuresis, or with redistribution of potassium into the intracellular compartment with alkalosis or in association with insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Aggressive intravenous and oral therapy are often necessary to correct potassium balance disorders, in addition to therapy aimed at correcting any underlying disorder contributing to the potassium imbalance.