Fluoride application procedures in orthodontic practice, current concepts.

A survey is given of present knowledge of different methods of fluoride administration with emphasis on practical measures of proved value for orthodontic patients. The review covers different F administration procedures by dental personnel and self-application and includes the use of prophylaxis pastes, topical solutions, gels, mouth rinses, dentifrices, tablets, cements, coatings, varnishes, etc. Some recommendations are given as to optimal programs in orthodontic practice based upon evaluations of clinical effectiveness, safety and ease of application. Some caries reduction has been obtained from professional application of F prophylaxis pastes, but F pastes cannot replace topical F application. Treatment with F gels or solutions preceded by thorough cleaning and drying of the teeth is advocated before the placement of appliances and at recementations. Because F solutions are tedious to apply, and not more effective than F gels, the latter are preferable. APF gel application is suited in conjunction with impression taking. Daily self-application of SnF2 gels undoubtedly is effective in reducing caries in orthodontic patients. However, daily NaF or APF mouth rinses may have the dual effect of caries inhibition and stimulating hygiene interest and are more thoroughly tested. In addition to the other forms of F administration, a F dentifrice should be used regularly. Daily F application is appropriate also for orthodontic patients in fluoridated areas. In vitro studies with F cements indicate a great F uptake by the enamel, but controlled, long-term clinical studies are lacking. Also the final judgment of a number of new coating techniques and F varnishes must await further clinical testing, although a beneficial effect of F sealing in orthodontic patients is substantiated. In conclusion, APF gel application before insertion of appliances and at regular recementations plus daily rinsing with dilute NaF or APF solutions throughout the periods of treatment and retention plus the regular use of a F dentifrice is recommended as a routine procedure for all orthodontic patients.