Advances in the medical management of patients with HIV-1 infection: an overview.

New guidelines for the management of patients with HIV-1 infection emphasize early aggressive treatment using multi-drug combination regimens. Accurate assessment of the effectiveness of these treatments and their potential (small as it now seems) to eradicate HIV-1 infection requires testing for viral levels in the blood, and in other compartments that may serve as long-term viral reservoirs, using the most sensitive assays. At present, most of our information regarding triple-drug combination therapies (usually two nucleosides and a protease inhibitor or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) has come from the assessment of viral levels in blood. Available results strongly support the virologic superiority of such treatments over monotherapy and two-drug combinations. There are important questions that remain to be answered regarding these highly effective therapies. Questions regarding the durability of these treatments in preventing the evolution of drug resistance can be addressed by using sensitive reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction assays to assess treatment response. Others, such as how best to treat patients who have failed potent drug therapy, await results from new, large-scale, clinical trials. An important concern with respect to newer antiretroviral therapies is their complexity and thus the increased risk for non-compliance and resultant viral resistance. In addition, longer-term side-effects are increasingly recognized. Programs that enhance compliance with these treatments will increase the probability that they will provide durable suppression of viral replication and arrest the clinical progression of HIV disease.