Opioid-induced emesis among hospitalized nonsurgical patients: effect on pain and quality of life.

There is very little information in the medical literature regarding opioid-induced emesis and its relationship to patient outcomes. Two-hundred and six nonsurgical patients in a 400-bed teaching hospital with minimal known risks of disease-associated emesis were interviewed to examine emesis and associated outcomes following the administration of opioids for acute pain management. The mean age, weight, and height of the study group were 54.4 (+/- 19.6) years, 175.8 (+/- 45.7) pounds, and 67.1 (+/- 4.4) inches, respectively. Seventy-three (35.4%) patients experienced nausea; 28 (13.6%) patients vomited; and 15 (7.3%) patients retched following the opioid therapy. These symptoms were mild and discomforting for relatively short periods of time. The patients' ability to concentrate and eat was affected by the incidence of nausea/vomiting. The intensity, duration, and severity of nausea were positively associated with the magnitude of the functional limitations. The symptoms also influenced patients' ratings of various hospital satisfaction measures. In conclusion, emesis due to opioids represents a notable burden on nonsurgical patients. Successful therapies that prevent opioid-induced emesis are likely to positively influence patient outcomes by reducing adverse effects, improving functional outcomes, and enhancing quality of life.