Costs and cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer prevention and therapy.

For cancer, the evaluation of new prevention and therapeutic strategies has traditionally focused almost exclusively on safety and efficacy. However, comparison of the costs and cost-effectiveness of medical interventions is increasingly being recognized as an important goal. Cancer care is a prime target for scrutiny because US cancer treatment consumes over $40 billion per year or approximately 12% of total health care expenditures. Colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment costs over $6.5 billion per year and, among malignancies, is second only to breast cancer at $6.6 billion per year. Nonetheless, there are relatively few published studies addressing the economic consequences of CRC. This review describes the strengths and limitations of the major types of health economic analyses, as well as the existing literature on the costs and cost-effectiveness of CRC prevention and treatment. Although standard approaches to both CRC screening and treatment appear cost-effective when compared with no intervention, the relative cost-effectiveness of different screening, treatment, and posttherapeutic surveillance strategies remains uncertain. As databases and information systems able to integrate comprehensive cost and treatment data grow in availability and sophistication, it should become easier to compare the impact of various approaches in terms of both traditional and economic outcomes. Over the next few years, the results of the first clinical trials that prospectively assess economic end points in CRC are anticipated; the experience resulting from these efforts should stimulate and enhance future studies.