State-of-the-Art lecture. Antiproliferative actions of angiotensin-(1-7) in vascular smooth muscle.

Hemodynamic factors, circulating hormones, paracrine factors, and intracrine factors influence vascular smooth muscle growth and plasticity. The well-characterized role of angiotensin II in the modulation of vascular tone and cell function may be critically involved in the mechanisms by which vascular smooth muscle responds to signals associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and increases in oxidative stress. Studies from this laboratory suggest that the trophic actions of angiotensin II may be intrinsically regulated by angiotensin-(1-7), a separate product of the angiotensin system derived from the common substrate, angiotensin I. Exposure of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells to angiotensin-(1-7) inhibited the trophic actions of angiotensin II and reduced the expression of the mitogenic effects of both normal serum and platelet-derived growth factor. The growth-inhibitory actions of angiotensin-(1-7) were blocked by the selective D-alanine(7)-angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist and the nonselective angiotensin receptor blocker sarcosine(1)-threonine(8)-angiotensin II. In contrast, subtype-selective antagonists for the AT(1) and AT(2) receptors had no effect on the inhibitory actions of angiotensin-(1-7), a finding that is consistent with the pharmacological characterization of a high-affinity (125)I-labeled angiotensin-(1-7) binding site in the vasculature by use of selective and nonselective angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The relevance of these findings to the proliferative response of vascular smooth muscle cells after endothelial injury was confirmed by assessment of the effect of a 12-day infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) on neointimal formation. In these experiments, the proliferative response produced by injuring the carotid artery was inhibited by angiotensin-(1-7) through a mechanism that could not be explained by changes in arterial pressure. Because plasma angiotensin-(1-7) increased to levels comparable to those found in animals and human subjects given therapeutic doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-(1-7) may be one factor participating in the reversal of vascular proliferation during inhibition of angiotensin II formation or activity.