Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review.

In this systematic review of the existing evidence regarding the relationship between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and preeclampsia, studies were found through searches of MEDLINE (1966-October 31, 1998), Embase, Popline, CINAHL, Lilacs, bibliographies of identified studies, and proceedings of meetings on preeclampsia, and also through contact with relevant researchers. No language restrictions were imposed. Only cohort and case-control studies dealing with the relationship between cigarette smoking and preeclampsia were considered. Assessment of methodologic quality and data extraction of each study were carried out by 2 authors working independently. Typical relative risks and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for cohort and case-control studies, respectively, with both fixed and random effects models. Twenty-eight cohort studies and 7 case-control studies including a total of 833,714 women were included. All cohort studies reported an inverse association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and incidence of preeclampsia (typical relative risk, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.69). The findings were similar for case-control studies (typical odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.81). An inverse dose-response relationship was also found. Pooled data from cohort and case-control studies showed a lower risk of preeclampsia associated with cigarette smoking during pregnancy.