Massive transfusion and hyperkalaemic cardiac arrest in craniofacial surgery in a child.

Hyperkalaemia is a recognised complication of massive blood transfusion. We present a case of hyperkalaemic cardiac arrest in a male infant of 12 months, who was undergoing craniofacial surgery for sagittal craniosynostosis. At the time of arrest the patient had received a massive transfusion of predominantly irradiated packed red cells over a two-hour period, and had a measured plasma potassium concentration of 10.1 mmol/l. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was successful after 15 minutes. On the basis of our laboratory data and a review of the available literature, we recommend the use of fresh, non-irradiated packed red cells whenever possible in paediatric surgery.