Biochemical and topological properties of type A MGDG synthase, a spinach chloroplast envelope enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic MGDG.

MGDG synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the major chloroplast membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), is encoded by a multigenic family. We have analyzed the biochemical properties, subcellular localization and membrane topology of a spinach chloroplast MGDG synthase, a representative member of the type A family from Spinacia oleracea (soMGD A), using a recombinant protein that was functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli and specific polyclonal antibodies. We demonstrated that soMGD A could catalyze the synthesis of both 'prokaryotic' and 'eukaryotic' MGDG molecular species in vitro, with a selectivity for diacylglycerol similar to that of purified chloroplast envelope MGDG synthase activity. Furthermore, soMGD A was shown to be sensitive to chemical reagents (dithiothreitol, N-ethylmaleimide and o-phenanthroline) known to affect MGDG synthesis by the partially purified enzyme, as well as in isolated chloroplast envelope membranes. In spinach chloroplasts, soMGD A was localized by Western blot analysis in the inner envelope membrane. Topological studies demonstrated that soMGD A is a monotopic enzyme, embedded within one leaflet of the inner envelope membrane from spinach chloroplasts, a structure which may involve amphipathic alpha helices. We further demonstrated that in vitro, soMGD A precursor is imported and processed to its correct mature form in intact chloroplasts. These results show that soMGD A corresponds to a mature polypeptide of approximately 45 kDa. In addition, inactivation kinetics after gamma-ray irradiation strongly suggest that both native chloroplast envelope MGDG synthase and recombinant soMGD A have a functional molecular mass of 95-100 kDa, indicating that they are probably active as homodimers made of two 45-kDa subunits. This study suggests that, in spite of the growing evidence that MGDG synthesis is catalyzed by a multigenic family of enzymes, in spinach leaves both prokaryotic and eukaryotic MGDG syntheses could be attributable to a unique dimeric enzyme, provided that diacylglycerol is transported from the outer membrane to the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope.