New surgical options for the failing heart.

Heart failure is common in patients aged over 65 years, and is the fourth leading cause of hospitalization in the United States. Treatment of congestive heart failure involves remodeling the cardiac chamber with ventricular dilatation. New approaches to resolve this problem include medical therapies (digoxin, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and phosphodiesterase inhibitors) to stabilize patients, followed by chamber remodeling. As yet, surgical intervention in advanced heart failure has been contraindicated, but newly evolving strategies show significant promise. It appears possible that patients can receive surgical therapy to improve cardiac function, followed by state-of-the-art medical therapy for congestive heart failure. This combined medical/surgical approach has led to the evolution of a new subspecialty within cardiology that deals with the management of heart failure.