D J Adam1, C A Ludlam, C V Ruckley, A W Bradbury. 1. Vascular Surgery Unit, University Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Hemorrhage and thrombosis predisposing to myocardial infarction, multiple organ failure, and thromboembolism account for the majority of the morbidity and mortality associated with repair of ruptured and nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). The aim of this study was to examine coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients operated on for ruptured and nonruptured infrarenal AAAs. METHODS: Ten patients operated on for ruptured and 9 patients operated on for nonruptured AAAs were studied. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), and D-dimer were measured before induction of anesthesia. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity, t-PA activity, and prothrombin fragment (PF) 1+2 were measured before induction of anesthesia, immediately before aortic clamp release, and 5 minutes and 24 hours after aortic clamp release. RESULTS: Preoperatively, ruptured AAA was associated with significantly elevated t-PA antigen (median 15.7 ng/mL, range 9. 0 to 22.1 ng/mL versus nonrupture: median 6.6 ng/mL, range 4.7 to 16. 4 ng/mL; P <.01, Mann-Whitney test), increased PAI activity (median 36.5 arbitrary units/mL, range 20.6 to 38.8 arbitrary units/mL versus nonrupture: median 8.2 arbitrary units/mL, range 3.2 to 21.7 arbitrary units/mL; P <.001), reduced t-PA activity (median 0.12 IU/mL, range 0.06 to 0.4 IU/mL versus nonrupture: median 0.49 IU/mL, range 0.14 to 3.2 IU/mL; P <.01), elevated TAT (median 135.5 microg/L, range 61.2 to 209.4 microg/L versus nonrupture: median 21. 6 microg/L, range 6.6 to 180.4 microg/L; P <.02) and elevated PF 1+2 (median 9.0 nmol/L, range 5.4 to 11.6 nmol/L versus nonrupture: median 2.2 nmol/L, range 0.7 to 7.1 nmol/L, P <.001). There was no significant difference in preoperative D-dimer levels (median 3460 ng/mL, range 1236 to 7860 ng/mL versus nonrupture: median 1642 ng/mL, range 728 to 5334 ng/mL; P =.07). The differences in PAI activity, t-PA activity, and PF 1+2 persisted throughout the course of surgery, but there was no significant difference between the groups at 24 hours. CONCLUSION: These novel data demonstrate that ruptured AAA repair is associated with inhibition of systemic fibrinolysis and intense thrombin generation. Similar changes are seen in nonruptured AAA but are of a lesser magnitude. This procoagulant state may contribute to the microvascular and macrovascular thrombosis that leads to myocardial infarction, multiple organ failure, and thromboembolism.
PURPOSE:Hemorrhage and thrombosis predisposing to myocardial infarction, multiple organ failure, and thromboembolism account for the majority of the morbidity and mortality associated with repair of ruptured and nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). The aim of this study was to examine coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients operated on for ruptured and nonruptured infrarenal AAAs. METHODS: Ten patients operated on for ruptured and 9 patients operated on for nonruptured AAAs were studied. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), and D-dimer were measured before induction of anesthesia. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity, t-PA activity, and prothrombin fragment (PF) 1+2 were measured before induction of anesthesia, immediately before aortic clamp release, and 5 minutes and 24 hours after aortic clamp release. RESULTS: Preoperatively, ruptured AAA was associated with significantly elevated t-PA antigen (median 15.7 ng/mL, range 9. 0 to 22.1 ng/mL versus nonrupture: median 6.6 ng/mL, range 4.7 to 16. 4 ng/mL; P <.01, Mann-Whitney test), increased PAI activity (median 36.5 arbitrary units/mL, range 20.6 to 38.8 arbitrary units/mL versus nonrupture: median 8.2 arbitrary units/mL, range 3.2 to 21.7 arbitrary units/mL; P <.001), reduced t-PA activity (median 0.12 IU/mL, range 0.06 to 0.4 IU/mL versus nonrupture: median 0.49 IU/mL, range 0.14 to 3.2 IU/mL; P <.01), elevated TAT (median 135.5 microg/L, range 61.2 to 209.4 microg/L versus nonrupture: median 21. 6 microg/L, range 6.6 to 180.4 microg/L; P <.02) and elevated PF 1+2 (median 9.0 nmol/L, range 5.4 to 11.6 nmol/L versus nonrupture: median 2.2 nmol/L, range 0.7 to 7.1 nmol/L, P <.001). There was no significant difference in preoperative D-dimer levels (median 3460 ng/mL, range 1236 to 7860 ng/mL versus nonrupture: median 1642 ng/mL, range 728 to 5334 ng/mL; P =.07). The differences in PAI activity, t-PA activity, and PF 1+2 persisted throughout the course of surgery, but there was no significant difference between the groups at 24 hours. CONCLUSION: These novel data demonstrate that ruptured AAA repair is associated with inhibition of systemic fibrinolysis and intense thrombin generation. Similar changes are seen in nonruptured AAA but are of a lesser magnitude. This procoagulant state may contribute to the microvascular and macrovascular thrombosis that leads to myocardial infarction, multiple organ failure, and thromboembolism.
Authors: Femke A M V I Hellenthal; Willem A Buurman; Will K W H Wodzig; Geert Willem H Schurink Journal: Nat Rev Cardiol Date: 2009-05-26 Impact factor: 32.419