Association of seasonal reproductive patterns with changing food availability in an equatorial carnivore, the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta).

Reproductive seasonality was examined in an equatorial population of free-living spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Kenya. The study population was observed continuously for 10 years, during which time the dates of all births, conceptions, weanings, and cub deaths were recorded. Local prey abundance was estimated two to four times per month, and rainfall was recorded daily throughout the study period. Births occurred during every month of the year, but a distinct trough in births occurred from February to May. This trough occurred approximately one gestation period after the phase of the annual cycle during which prey animals were least abundant in the home range of the hyaenas, and conceptions occurred most frequently when food abundance was greatest. Neither rainfall nor cub mortality were correlated with births or conceptions. Thus, although spotted hyaenas are capable of breeding throughout the year, they exhibit a moderate degree of seasonality that most likely reflects responses to seasonal variation in energy availability.