Optimism and adaptation to multiple sclerosis: what does optimism mean?

The aim of the present study was to determine the meaning of optimism by explicating the dimensions underlying the notion and their links to adjusting to MS. Seventy-three patients responded to optimism questionnaires (i.e., the LOT, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale) and outcome questionnaires. In confirmatory factor analyses, the underlying dimensions of optimism were specified. Explanatory structural equation modeling was used to examine the relation of the dimensions of optimism to coping (CISS), depression (BDI), and impaired mobility range (SIP). Optimism was found to consist of three dimensions, namely, outcome expectancies, efficacy expectancies, and unrealistic thinking. Outcome and efficacy expectancies explained depression via emotion-oriented coping but did not explain impaired mobility range either directly or indirectly. Unrealistic thinking directly explained impaired mobility range. The present study can be seen as a first step in explicating the role of optimism in the management of chronic disease.