Noninvasive approaches to peripheral vascular disease. What's new in evaluation and treatment?

Current availability of noninvasive evaluation and treatment methods for peripheral vascular disease is unprecedented. Understanding of vascular and molecular biology, physiology, and pathology has improved significantly, as have the technologic capabilities of ultrasonography, digital imaging, therapeutic angiogenesis, and other methods not even in existence a few decades ago. However, although science continues to advance rapidly on multiple fronts and, eventually, noninvasive methods will supersede current treatment options, for the immediate future, heavy emphasis should continue to be on preventive strategies.