Spinal markers: A new method for increasing accuracy in spinal navigation.

Spinal navigation opens up a completely new dimension in the planning and realization of neurosurgical and orthopedic procedures, and offers the possibility of simulating the operation preoperatively. There is currently only limited experience with spinal navigation, and despite the development of advanced software, intraoperative difficulties include identification of characteristic and reproducible anatomical landmarks, localization of these points in the surgical field, referencing, and intraoperative control. We report the use of a new kind of implantable fiducial marker in a case of a 58-year-old female patient with spondylolisthesis. Percutaneously applied spinal markers were used as prominent anatomical landmarks and permitted much easier intraoperative handling. In our opinion, in the hands of an experienced neurosurgeon or orthopedist, the additional preoperative time required for placement of such spinal markers is negligible. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.