Cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes: the tropical fish, traira (Hoplias malabaricus) O2 chemoresponses.

To determine the location and distribution of chemoreceptors involved in the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to hypoxia of traira (Hoplias malabaricus), we measured heart rate, arterial blood pressure, ventilation frequency and amplitude of opercular movements during exposure to hypoxia and application of NaCN to either water bathing the gills (external) or the ventral aortic blood (internal). This was done before and after selective denervation of branchial branches of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves to various gill arches. The data suggest that hypoxia elicits a bradycardia that arises from internal receptors located in the first gill arch. They also indicate the presence of branchial and extra branchial O2-chemoreceptors that reflexively elevate systemic vascular resistance during hypoxia. Hypoxia induced increases in ventilation frequency arose primarily from external receptors located exclusively within the gills while increases in breathing amplitude also involved extra branchial receptors. In addition, the data suggest there are O2 sensitive chemoreceptors located in the first gill arch that attenuate the respiratory responses.