Walleye dermal sarcoma virus: OrfA N-terminal end inhibits the activity of a reporter gene directed by eukaryotic promoters and has a negative effect on the growth of fish and mammalian cells.

Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) is a fish retrovirus causing a skin tumor termed walleye dermal sarcoma, which develops and regresses on a seasonal basis. The WDSV genome contains three short open reading frames designated orfA, orfB, and orfC in addition to the viral structural genes, gag, pol, and env. orfA and orfB transcripts are detected in tumors by reverse transcription-PCR. Recently, OrfA, whose amino acid sequence is similar to that of cyclins A and D, has been shown to complement a cyclin-deficient yeast strain. We report that expression of the accessory gene orfA inhibited nonspecifically the activity of a reporter gene directed by various eukaryotic promoters. In addition, stable transfection with the wild-type orfA generated substantially fewer G418-resistant colonies in both fish and mammalian cells than the parent vector. An orfA mutant expressing only the first N-terminal 49 residues of the full-length protein had the same negative effect on the activity of the reporter gene and on the number of stably transfected colonies as the full-length OrfA. Thus, OrfA inhibits cell growth and/or causes cell death, and the first 49 N-terminal residues of this protein are sufficient to cause these negative effects.