Protein translocation in apoptosis.

In programmed cell death (apoptosis), receptor-generated or other signals are transmitted to all cellular compartments, resulting in an apoptotic cell with extensive cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations. Protein translocation is now recognized as being crucial in the induction, amplification and regulation of this process. Diverse mechanisms trigger protein translocation to and from the plasma membrane, mitochondrion and nucleus during apoptosis. This review discusses where, why and how the various protein-translocation events take place and highlights their importance in the execution and regulation of apoptosis.