Permanent pacing in patients with univentricular heart.

Patients with one of several varieties of malformation designated as "univentricular hearts" may be especially challenging when permanent pacing is required. Our objective was to review our experience in this subset of patients that had undergone permanent pacing and thus determine the optimal approach. A retrospective chart review was done of 32 patients with some variety of "univentricular" malformation who had required permanent pacing at our institution. Although technically challenging, permanent pacing in this group of patients can be successful through several approaches. The various approaches, as well as consideration of the differences that exist between patients undergoing septation and those undergoing a Fontan procedure are discussed. Although long-term permanent pacing is possible in this group of patients, before pacing begins, a thorough understanding of the anatomy and prior surgical procedures is necessary. Use of a combined atrial transvenous and ventricular epicardial pacing system may work well for some patients. With the development of newer and more reliable coronary sinus leads, dual chamber transvenous pacing with ventricular stimulation via the coronary sinus could become the approach of choice in some patients with "univentricular hearts."