Role of the midgut gland in purine excretion in the robber crab, Birgus latro (Anomura: Coenobitidae).

White fecal strands of Birgus latro are composed of small spherules of uric acid with a mean diameter of 1.6 +/- 0.6 microm. Large numbers of membrane-bound spherules with concentric lamellae are present in the R cells of the midgut gland, so we suggest that lengths of white feces are produced by coordinated secretion of these spherules into the lumen of the midgut gland tubules. There are four cell types in the tubules with embryonic (E) cells at the distal tip, B cells in a narrow band at the distal end and R cells making up the bulk of the tubules and gland. F cells are sparsely scattered among the R cells. Midgut gland tissue was assayed for activities of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase, the two forms of xanthine oxidoreductase. Contrary to previous reports, we found that the midgut gland of B. latro contains only high activities of xanthine dehydrogenase. If proteinase inhibitors were omitted from the assays, however, significant activity of xanthine oxidase was measured, a result we regard as an artifact attributable to the partial conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase by endogenous proteinases. R cells were demonstrated to contain peroxisomes, which may be involved in lipid metabolism rather than synthesis of uric acid. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.