Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.

Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is a well established technique for the treatment of the stones resistant to ESWL. Simultaneous bilateral procedures, supracostal approach and the 'mini-perc' technique are interesting technical improvements. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy could in future be the primary treatment not only of large burden stones, but also for lower caliceal stones larger than 1 cm.