Major accidents related to manure: A case series from Switzerland.

Manure is an important element in the farm economy, but its storage and use are associated with risks. Major accidents related to manure exposure were analyzed using technical and demographic criteria. Of the 61 accidents, 44 were due to inhalation of manure gas, 11 involved falls into manure containers, and six were methane explosions. There were 49 fatalities, including 12 (24%) in which persons attempting to rescue primary victims died. 37 persons survived gas poisoning. Small children usually fell into the manure and drowned. There were 15 successful rescues and four cases in which primary victims saved themselves. The main danger is that of gradual or sudden manure gas intoxication, which is often fatal. However, almost a third of the accidents were due to falls into manure containers or manure gas explosions. Accidents in which victims of gas poisoning regained consciousness and saved themselves are also reported. Analysis of the accident circumstances confirms the importance of meticulous observation of existing safety guidelines with respect to both structural design and working practices. Specific measures at the scene can substantially increase the chances for survival of both primary victims and would-be rescuers.