Program quality effects on patient outcomes during methadone maintenance: a study of 17 clinics.

This study was designed to replicate Ball and Ross's benchmark research, which was the first to identify a set of program quality factors for methadone maintenance programs and relate them to patient outcomes. Ball and Ross's treatment domain variables were measured in a new and larger sample of methadone clinics, and eight candidate program quality factors were derived. Both studies found that program factors defined by more frequent counseling contacts, higher director involvement with treatment, and more director experience were associated with lower drug use by patients during treatment. Several patient and counselor characteristics also were associated with drug-use outcomes.