A conceptual model of feminine hardiness.

Comprehensive literature reviews of hardiness consistently reveal empirical ambiguities and conceptual limitations. The article describes a grounded theory study focused on the conceptual nature of hardiness. In a group of 13 women with breast cancer, two major characteristics of hardiness emerged: a strong sense of purpose and the ability to endure. These characteristics are described in terms of their internal dimensions, manifestations, and outcomes. The findings are compared with the original conceptualization of hardiness, specifically its attributes of commitment, control, and challenge. The similarities and differences expand, extend, and modify the original definition of hardiness.