Effects of divided attention and time course on automatic and controlled components of memory in older adults.

The relation between attention available at encoding and automatic and consciously controlled aspects of memory was investigated within a single task using the process-dissociation procedure (L. L. Jacoby, 1991). Sixty-four older adults and 64 young adults studied a word list in either a full or a divided attention condition. Recall cued with word stems was tested immediately and at 20-minute and 60-minute delays. In contrast to consciously controlled influences of memory, automatic influences of memory (a) showed generally no reliable age differences, (b) remained invariant across the manipulation of attention, and (c) remained relatively invariant across the 60-minute time course. Furthermore, age did not interact with the attentional manipulation or the time course factor.