p53-Dependent growth arrest and altered p53-immunoreactivity following metabolic labelling with 32P ortho-phosphate in human fibroblasts.

The tumour suppressor gene p53 plays a major role in the cellular response to DNA damage, mediating growth arrest and/or apoptosis. Phosphorylation of the protein occurs at numerous sites in vivo and is likely to be a major mechanism for modulation of its activity as a transcriptional transactivator. Not surprisingly, therefore, p53 has been intensively studied by 32P metabolic labelling. Here we show however, using normal human fibroblasts, that typical labelling conditions induce (i) a p53-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and (ii) an increase in the cellular content of p53 protein detectable by the phosphorylation-sensitive antibody DO-1 but not by antibody DO-12. These data demonstrate for the first time that 32P labelling is sufficient to induce a biologically-significant, p53-mediated cellular response and strongly suggest that it perturbs the phosphorylation state of p53 which it is being used to measure. This highlights the need to re-evaluate earlier data by non-radioactive approaches using phospho-specific antibodies.