De novo expression of lipocortin-1 in reactive microglia and astrocytes in kainic acid lesioned rat cerebellum.

An understanding of the role of reactive glia in the neurodegenerative/regenerative process requires a knowledge of the molecules synthesised by these cells following trauma. We investigated the cellular localisation of lipocortin-1 (LC-1), a putative neuroprotective agent, in cryostat sections of normal and kainic acid lesioned rat cerebellum. In the normal cerebellum lipocortin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in Purkinje cell bodies and molecular layer interneurons. Following kainic acid (1 microg) induced lesions, it was rapidly upregulated in activated microglia, from which it appeared to be secreted. At later time points it was detected in activated astrocytes. LC-1 protein levels were quantified by a sensitive and specific ELISA. Compared to control cerebellum, LC-1 levels were dramatically elevated following lesion, peaking at 3 days: 760% of basal (unlesioned) levels. In situ hybridisation studies revealed a marked upregulation of LC-1 mRNA at 1 and 3 days following the lesion, indicating the transient de novo synthesis of this protein, consistent with a localisation to microglia. In vitro studies, on cultured astrocytes and microglia, demonstrated high levels of intracellular LC-1 in both cell types. LC-1 was detected in microglial but not astrocytic, conditioned media, confirming the in vivo observations that activated microglia may secrete LC-1. Our data show that at early time points following excitotoxic lesion to the cerebellum, it is activated microglia that synthesise and possibly secrete this protein, suggesting an important role of this cell type in immunosuppression and neuroprotection following damage to the central nervous system.