Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation after cold injury-induced brain trauma in mice: possible role in neuronal apoptosis.

Recent studies have shown that release of mitochondrial cytochrome c is a critical step in the apoptosis process. In this study, we examined the subcellular distribution of the cytochrome c protein after cold injury (CI), in which apoptosis is assumed to participate. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed cytosolic cytochrome c as early as 1 h after CI, and correspondingly, there was a reduction in mitochondrial cytochrome c after injury. Neuronal distribution of cytosolic cytochrome c was shown by double staining with a neuronal nuclear marker by immunohistochemistry. A significant amount of DNA laddering was detected 4 h after CI, and increased in a time-dependent manner. These data suggest that early cytochrome c release from mitochondria may contribute to apoptosis induction after traumatic brain injury.