Treatment of epilepsy in the elderly.

Management of epilepsy in the elderly involves many challenges, including the presence of concomitant diseases, polypharmacy and changes in body physiology. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have to be taken into account in order to avoid potentially severe adverse drug reactions in elderly people. The present study reviews the most commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the elderly. Because some AEDs may induce the metabolism of other agents and reduce the effectiveness of several drugs, the physicians have to carefully evaluate concomitant drugs being administered. Moreover, the main problems appear to be when beginning therapy, the first choice drug, the appropriate dosage and pharmacologic compliance. Elderly patients must be screened for hepatic and renal functions before beginning a treatment with an AED, carefully interviewed to reduce complaints for drug side-effects which may negatively influence compliance and monitored for total and free blood levels. Besides the 'classic' AEDs, such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, valproic acid, primidone and benzodiazepines, the review shows the possible advantages of new AEDs, such as felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine and gamma-vinyl-GABA, which may be used in the elderly too for their good tolerability. A careful control of drug assumption is requested in the elderly, especially when it is difficult to achieve seizure control.