Using outcomes to make inferences about nursing home quality.

Recent concerns about containing the growth of public expenditures on nursing home care and the development of prospective and casemix reimbursement systems with incentives for cost containment have increased the importance of monitoring quality in nursing homes. The current view is that quality assurance systems should include more outcome measures to improve quality. This article discusses why it is difficult to develop facility-level outcome measures that can be used to evaluate and compare the quality of care of nursing homes. The article places the current interest in outcomes measures in its historical policy context and reviews important conceptual and methodological issues associated with outcome-based quality assessment. The authors discuss the difficulty in isolating the facility effect when studying nursing home outcomes and implications of using different estimation approaches. In conclusion, they discuss the need to integrate research with outcome-based quality assurance systems to allow ongoing evaluation and quality improvement.