Second-order motion discrimination by feature-tracking.

When a plaid pattern (the sum of two high spatial frequency gratings oriented +/- 84 degrees from vertical) jumps horizontally by 3/8 of its spatial period its contrast envelope, a second-order pattern, moves in the opposite direction to its luminance waveform. Observers report that the pattern moves in the direction of the contrast envelope when the jumps are repeated at intervals of more than 125 ms and in the direction of the luminance profile when they are repeated at longer intervals. When a pedestal [Lu, Z.-L. & Sperling, G. (1995). Vision Research, 35, 2697-2722] is added to the moving plaid a higher contrast is required to see motion of the contrast envelope but not to see the motion of the luminance profile, suggesting that the motion of the contrast envelope is sensed by a mechanism that tracks features. Static plaids with different spatial parameters from the moving pattern are less effective at raising the contrast required to see the motion of the contrast envelope and simple gratings of low or high spatial frequency are almost completely ineffective, suggesting that the feature-tracking mechanism is selective for the type of pattern being tracked and rejects distortion products and zero-crossings.