Adolescents with congenital heart disease: psychopathological implications.

The psychopathological risks of congenital heart disease in adolescence are described. The emotional development of adolescents with cardiopathy is discussed, including distortions in body image and separation-individuation issues. The consequences of cyanotic and acyanotic cardiopathies for intellectual functioning are noted, and the impact of congenital heart disease on interactions with parents and siblings is presented. Psychopathological implications of heart transplant are also reviewed.