Regulation of the macrophage vacuolar ATPase and phagosome-lysosome fusion by Histoplasma capsulatum.

Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) maintains a phagosomal pH of about 6.5. This strategy allows Hc to obtain iron from transferrin, and minimize the activity of macrophage (Mo) lysosomal hydrolases. To determine the mechanism of pH regulation, we evaluated the function of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in RAW264.7 Mo infected with Hc yeast or the nonpathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae (Sc). Incubation of Hc-infected Mo with bafilomycin, an inhibitor of the V-ATPase, did not affect the intracellular growth of Hc, nor did it affect the intraphagosomal pH. In contrast, upon addition of bafilomycin, phagosomes containing Sc rapidly changed their pH from 5 to 7. Hc-containing phagosomes had 5-fold less V-ATPase than Sc-containing phagosomes as quantified by immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, Hc-containing phagosomes inhibited phagolysosomal fusion as quantified by the presence of acid phosphatase, accumulation of LAMP2, and fusion with rhodamine B-isothiocyanate-labeled dextran-loaded lysosomes. Finally, in Hc-containing phagosomes, uptake of ferritin was equivalent to phagosomes containing Sc, indicating that Hc-containing phagosomes have full access to the early "bulk flow" endocytic pathway. Thus, Hc yeasts inhibit phagolysosomal fusion, inhibit accumulation of the V-ATPase in the phagosome, and actively acidify the phagosomal pH to 6.5 as part of their strategy to survive in Mo phagosomes.