Changes in hemostasis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to study hemostasis in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in order to determine if there are any changes that indicate a greater risk of thrombosis.
METHODS: The study was carried out in 20 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for noncomplicated cholelithiasis. The average age was 59.4 years (range, 34-77). A total of 75% were female. Mean operation time was 70 min (ranges 35-120). Pneumoperitoneum at 14 mmHg was performed on all patients, who were positioned in the 30 degrees reverse Trendelenburg position. Postoperative mobilization was acheived in 24 hs and patients were discharged 48 hs after the operation. The control group was composed of 12 patients, who were evenly distributed by age, sex, and length of surgery. These patients underwent Bassini herniorraphy for inguinal hernia without any complications or relapse. The following hemostatic parameters were studied: prothrombin activity (PA), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (Fg), anti-thrombin III (ATIII), plasma fibrinolytic activity (PFA), euglobulin fibrinolytic activity (EFA), and D-dimer (D-D). Samples were obtained at the following times: (a) under basal conditions the day before surgery, (b) preoperatively, (c) at the end of the operation, (d) 24 hs after the operation, and (e) On the 7th day following the operation.
RESULTS: No patient showed any clinical manifestations of thromboembolic disease immediately after surgery or during a medium follow-up period of 16 months (range, 15-18 months). All hemostatic parameters values were within normal range in the basal samples of both groups. In both groups, the mean value of PA showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the second, third, and fourth basal samples, returning to normal levels by the fifth determination. The mean value of fibrinogen decreased slightly in the second and third samples, increasing significantly with respect to the fourth and fifth determinations in both groups (p < 0.05). The mean value of APTT in both groups was slightly enhanced in the second and third determinations in relation to the first and fifth. The global activity of fibrinolysis (PFA and EFA) increased significantly in the third sample with respect to the other determinations in the group who had laparoscopic surgery (p < 0.005). Only EFA increased in the control group (p < 0.05). D-D decreased in the preoperative second determination followed by a significant enhancement immediate postoperatively (third), and 24 hs (fourth) (p < 0.05); it returned to normal basal values on the seventh day. No significant differences were found between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that laparoscopic cholecystectomy leads to no greater activation of plasma coagulation than low-risk surgery. On the contrary, the increase of fibrinolytic activity in plasma would extend a certain degree of hypocoagulability during surgery, maintaining it for 24 hs and thus possibly reducing thromboembolic risk in patients undergoing this type of surgery.