Fetal therapy-ethical considerations. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Bioethics.

Decisions to undertake fetal therapy involve a complex assessment of the best interests of the fetus and a pregnant woman's interest in her own health and freedom from unwanted invasion of her body. Pregnant women almost always accept a recommendation for fetal therapy that is approached collaboratively, especially if the therapy is of proven efficacy and has a low maternal risk. Fetal therapy of unproven efficacy should only be undertaken as part of an approved research protocol. In recommending fetal therapy of proven efficacy, physicians should respect maternal choice and assessment of risk. Under limited circumstances when fetal therapy would be effective in preventing irrevocable and substantial fetal harm with negligible risk to the health and well-being of the pregnant woman, should the pregnant woman be opposed to the intervention, physicians should engage in a process of communication and conflict resolution that may require consultation from an ethics committee and, in rare cases, require judicial review. A physician should never intervene without the woman's explicit consent before judicial review.