Measurement of bacterial flagellar thrust by negative dielectrophoresis.

The force produced by the flagella of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium has been measured using negative dielectrophoretic methods. The bacteria are held in a force funnel, produced using a nonuniform electric field. When the motor force is balanced against an opposing negative dielectrophoretic force the bacteria become motionless. Numerical simulations have been used to estimate the electric field gradient in the electrodes. Together with experimental observations of bacterial motion the data gives a value of the force produced by the bacterial motor to be 0.37 pN.