Expansion of formalized in-home services for Japan's aged.

This article analyzes the social and political forces in Japan that led to the creation of the Gold Plan, a comprehensive national plan for formalized in-home services for the aged. The political strategies of the Gold Plan are examined from the following perspectives: (1) shifts from institutional to in-home services, (2) decentralization of in-home services policy, and (3) needs for expanding the number of in-home service workers. New nonprofit organizations called Resident-Participation Types (RPTs) are identified, which are self-help organizations to augment the delivery of in-home services to the aged. The current status of these new models for the aged are examined, using data from two different surveys conducted by the Japanese National Council of Social Welfare in 1992 and 1993. Finally, future issues regarding RTPs and in-home services for the aged and some policy recommendations are discussed.