Refractive aspects of cataract surgery.

The emphasis in cataract surgery has shifted to perfecting the refractive outcome. More accurate lens power calculations and refinement in techniques to reduce or eliminate surgically induced and preexisting astigmatism have moved us closer to the ultimate surgical result-emmetropia. Multifocal lenses and surgically induced multifocal corneas have the potential to eliminate not only myopia and hyperopia but also the loss of accommodation resulting from the pseudophakic state.