Clinical practice, ethics and economics: the physician at the crossroads.

In recent years health services have faced the challenge of increasingly complex services and rising costs, thus the consideration of costs is a key factor in health policy decisions. The introduction of an economic perspective has sometimes been viewed as conflicting with the ethics of the health care system, especially at the physician-patient level. this article explores the important role of the physician from the ethical and economic perspective in the distribution and allocation of services. An understanding of economic and ethical principles reveals that these two perspectives are compatible with good clinical practice: more efficient health care implies better care for the individual patient and makes it possible to increase the resources available to improve care for the population as a whole. Thus, being efficient is an ethical objective. The selective elimination of ineffective services would free resources to care for those who need effective diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. This requires a better understanding of the determinants and outcomes of clinical practice, physician motivation, the appropriate design and application of incentives, and the best use of limited resources. The physician can play a key role in increasing the efficiency, equity, and quality of the health system without restricting the provision of effective services.