The cost of depression-complicated alcoholism: health-care utilization and treatment effectiveness.

Clinical and epidemiologic evidence suggests that alcoholism complicated by concurrent or a lifetime history of depression is slower to remit and more prone to relapse than uncomplicated alcoholism. Consequently, alcoholics with a history of depressive illness, on average, are likely to use more health care and to have higher treatment costs than those without depression complications. This article contrasts evidence of the suitability of three models for predicting the impact of depression on an alcoholic's health-care use: a null model (assuming no differences), a cumulative-effect model (arguing for a linear increase associated with comorbid depression), and a synergistic model (wherein alcoholism complicated with depression is qualitatively as well as quantitatively different than uncomplicated alcoholism). To test these models, health-care costs and utilization of 491 "pure" alcoholics (those with no history of depression diagnosis) and 199 depression-complicated alcoholics, who received alcohol treatment while enrolled in a self-insured health-care program of a major U.S. manufacturing company, were compared. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for cost containment and the likelihood of relapse among the depression-complicated alcoholism group.